zabernism abusive misuse of military authority define culture; bullying (From the German name for Saverne, a town in Alsace. Originated from an incident in 1912 involving an overzealous soldier who killed a cobbler for smiling at him.) Usage: kaos "He led his people to destroy the militarism of Zabern; and the army they rescued is busy in Cologne imprisoning every German who does not salute a British officer; whilst the government at home, asked whether it approves, replies that it does not propose even to discontinue this Zabernism when world of warcraft cataclysm review the Peace is concluded, but in effect looks forward to making Germans salute British officers until the end of the world." - Heartbreak House,of cataclysm review George Bernard Shaw.
wow cataclysm reviewZabernism is a term that often come up in World of Warcraft circles. From the German name for Saverne, a town in Alsace. Originated from an incident in 1913 involving an overzealous soldier who wounded a cobbler for smiling at him. Event which ultimately triggered an intervention from the army who took over the power from local authorities. zabernism (cataclysm) The misuse or abuse of military authority; bullying. Originated from an incident in 1913 involving an overzealous soldier who wounded a cobbler for smiling at him. Event which ultimately triggered an intervention from the army who took over the power from local authorities.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average, also referred to as the Industrial Average, the Dow Jones, the Dow 30, or simply the Dow, is one of several stock market indices created by Wall Street Journal editor and Dow Jones & Company co-founder Charles Dow. The average is named after Dow and one of his business associates, statistician Edward Jones. It is an index that shows how 30 large, publicly owned companies based in the United States have traded during a standard trading session in the stock market.[1] It is the second oldest U.S. market index after the Dow Jones Transportation Average, which Dow also created.
The Industrial portion of the name is largely historical, as many of the modern 30 components have little or nothing to do with traditional heavy industry. The average is price-weighted, and to compensate for the effects of stock splits and other adjustments, it is currently a scaled average. The value of the Dow is not the actual average of the prices of its component stocks, but rather the sum of the component prices divided by a divisor, which changes whenever one of the component stocks has a stock split or stock dividend, so as to generate a consistent value for the index.
Along with the NASDAQ Composite, the S&P 500 Index, and the Russell 2000 Index, the Dow is among the most closely-watched benchmark indices tracking targeted stock market activity. Although Dow compiled the index to gauge the performance of the industrial sector within the American economy, the index's performance continues to be influenced by not only corporate and economic reports, but also by domestic and foreign political events such as war and terrorism, as well as by natural disasters that could potentially lead to economic harm. Components of the Dow trade on both the NASDAQ OMX and the NYSE Euronext, two of the largest stock market companies. Derivatives of the Dow trade on the Chicago Board Options Exchange and through CME Group, the world's largest futures exchange company. Currently, the CME Group has signed a deal with Dow Jones to acquire 90% of the latter firm's indexing business, including the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
Former components
The individual components of the DJIA are occasionally changed as market conditions warrant. When companies are replaced, the scale factor used to calculate the index is also adjusted so that the value of the average is not directly affected by the change. A summary of the more recent changes to the index include the following:
* On June 8, 2009, General Motors and Citigroup were replaced by The Travelers Companies and Cisco Systems, which became the third company traded on the NASDAQ to be part of the Dow.[5] * On September 22, 2008, Kraft Foods replaced AIG in the index.[6] * On February 19, 2008, Altria Group and Honeywell were replaced by Chevron and Bank of America. Previously a Dow component since 1985, Chevron's share price split-adjusted, had gained about 235% during the time it was no longer a component between 2003 and 2008; as the high price of petroleum helped to propel oil contracts towards the $150 per-barrel mark. Alternatively, the components that replaced it during that same time frame had each lost up to 30% of their values. It is conceivable that had Chevron been a component in the index during this 5-year period, the Dow may well have surpassed the 15,000 point level.
Main article: Historical components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average [edit] History
The Dow Jones Industrial Average was founded by Charles Dow on May 26, 1896, and represented the dollar average of 12 stocks from leading American industries. Previously in 1884, Mr. Dow had composed an initial stock average called the Dow Jones Averages, which contained nine railroads and two industrial companies that appeared in the Customer's Afternoon Letter, a daily two-page financial news bulletin which was the precursor to The Wall Street Journal. Of the original 12 stocks forming the Dow Jones Industrial Average compiled later in 1896, no longer railroad stocks, but purely industrial stocks, only General Electric is currently part of that index.[7] The other 11 were:[8]
* American Cotton Oil Company, a predecessor company to Bestfoods, now part of Unilever. * American Sugar Company, became Domino Sugar in 1900, now Domino Foods, Inc. * American Tobacco Company, broken up in a 1911 antitrust action. * Chicago Gas Company, bought by Peoples Gas Light in 1897, now an operating subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group. * Distilling & Cattle Feeding Company, now Millennium Chemicals, formerly a division of LyondellBasell, the latter of which is now in Chapter 11 bankruptcy. * Laclede Gas Company, still in operation as the Laclede Group, Inc., removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1899. * National Lead Company, now NL Industries, removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1916. * North American Company, an electric utility holding company, broken up by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 1946. * Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company in Birmingham, Alabama, bought by U.S. Steel in 1907. * U.S. Leather Company, dissolved in 1952. * United States Rubber Company, changed its name to Uniroyal in 1961, merged with private B.F. Goodrich in 1986, bought by Michelin in 1990.
* When it was first published in the late 1890s, the index stood at a level of 40.94, but ended up hitting its all-time low of 28.48 during the summer of 1896 during the depths of what later became known as the Panic of 1896. Many of the biggest percentage price moves in the Dow occurred early in its history, as the nascent industrial economy matured. A brief war in 1898 between the U.S. and the Spanish Empire might have only had a minor impact in the Dow's direction. * The decade of the 1900s would see the Dow halt its momentum as it worked its way through a pair of cataclysmic financial crisis'; the Panic of 1901 and the Panic of 1907. The Dow would be stuck in a trading range of between the 50 and 100 point levels till late 1909. The negativity surrounding the 1906 San Francisco earthquake did little to improve the economic climate. International disturbances such as the Russo-Japanese War were few and far between and seemed to have little if any influence on the Dow. The average would end off the decade near the vicinity of the 100 point level. * At the start of the 1910s, the decade would begin with the Panic of 1910–1911 stifling economic growth for a lengthy period of time. History would later take its course on July 30, 1914; as the average stood at a level of 71.42 when a decision was made to close down the New York Stock Exchange, and suspend trading for a span of 4 1/2 months. Some historians believe the exchange closed because of a concern that markets would plunge as a result of panic over the onset of World War I. An alternative explanation is that the Secretary of the Treasury, William Gibbs McAdoo, closed the exchange because he wanted to conserve the U.S. gold stock in order to launch the Federal Reserve System later that year, with enough gold to keep the U.S. at par with the gold standard. When the markets reopened on December 12, 1914, the index closed at 54, a drop of 24.39%.[9] Also in trying to explain the huge percentage drop, there was a new recalculation performed on the index in September 1916. Additions to the index raised the number of companies to 20, resulting in a mathematical inconsistency to the average from previous years in the past including 1914.[10] Following World War I, the U.S. would experience another downturn in economic activity in what became known as the Post-World War I recession. The Dow's performance would remain virtually unchanged from the closing value of the previous decade, adding only around 5%, from about the 100 level to 105. * During the 1920s, specifically in 1928, the components of the Dow were increased to 30 stocks near the economic height of that decade, which was phrased as the Roaring Twenties. The prosperous nature of the economic climate, muted the negative influence of an early 1920s recession plus certain international conflicts such as the Polish-Soviet war, the Irish Civil War, the Turkish War of Independence and the initial phase of the Chinese Civil War. The Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression returned the average to its starting point, almost 90% below its peak. By July 8, 1932, following its intra-day low of 40.56, the Dow would end up closing the session at 41.22. The high of 381.17 on September 3, 1929, would not be surpassed until 1954, in inflation-adjusted numbers. However, the bottom of the 1929 Crash came just 2 1/2 months later on November 13, 1929, when intra-day it was at the 195.35 level, closing slightly higher at 198.69.[11] For the decade, the Dow would end off with a healthy 173% gain from around the 105 level to a level of 286. * Marked by global instability, the 1930s contended with several consequential European and Asian outbreaks of war, leading up to catastrophic World War II; including the Spanish Civil War, the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, the Soviet-Japanese Border War and the Second Sino-Japanese War. On top of that, the U.S. dealt with a painful recession in 1937 and 1938. The largest one-day percentage gain in the index, 15.34%, happened on March 15, 1933, in the depths of the 1930s bear market. However, as a whole, the Dow posted some of its worst performance for a negative return. For the decade, the average was down from around the 286 level to 148, a loss of about 48%. * Post-war reconstruction during the 1940s, along with renewed optimism of peace and prosperity, brought about a 39% surge in the Dow from around the 148 level to 206. The strength in the Dow occurred despite a brief recession in 1949 and other global conflicts which started a short time later including the latter stages of the Chinese Civil War, the Greek Civil War, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. * During the 1950s, the Korean War, the Algerian War, the Cold War and other political tensions such as the Cuban Revolution, as well as widespread political and economic changes in Africa during the initial stages of European Decolonization, did not stop the Dow's bullish climb higher. Additionally, the U.S. would also make its way through two grinding recessions; one in 1953 and the other in 1958. A 200% increase in the average from a level of 206 to 616 ensued over the course of that decade. * The Dow's bullish behavior began to stall during the 1960s as the U.S. became entangled with foreign political issues such as the Bay of Pigs Invasion involving Cuba, the Vietnam War, the Portuguese Colonial War, the Colombian Civil War which the U.S. assisted with short-lived counter-guerrilla campaigns, and domestic issues such as the Civil Rights Movement. For the decade though, and despite a mild recession between 1960 and 1961, the average still managed a respectable 30% gain from the 616 level to 800. * The 1970s marked a time of economic uncertainty and troubled relations between the U.S. and certain Middle-Eastern countries.
To begin with, the decade started off with the ongoing Recession of 1969–70. Following that, the 1973–75 recession, the 1973 Oil Crisis as well as the 1979 energy crisis began as a prelude to a disastrous economic climate injected with stagflation; the combination between high unemployment and high inflation. However, on November 14, 1972, the average closed above the 1,000 mark (1,003.16) for the first time, during a brief relief rally in the midst of a lengthy bear market. Between January 1973 and December 1974, the average lost 48% of its value in what became known as the 1973–1974 Stock Market Crash. The situation was exacerbated following the events surrounding the Yom Kippur War and the series of 1970s Energy Crisis' which followed it soon after. Although the Vietnam War ended in 1975, new tensions arose towards Iran surrounding the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Other notable disturbances such as the Lebanese Civil War, the Ethiopian Civil War, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the Angolan Civil War which the U.S. and Soviet Union considered critical to the global balance of power, seemed to have had little influence towards the financial markets. Performance wise for the decade; gains remained virtually flat, rising less than 5% from about the 800 level to 838.
The Dow fell 22.61% on Black Monday (1987) from about the 2,500 level to around 1,750. Two days later, it rose 10.15% above the 2,000 level for a mild recovery attempt.
* The 1980s and especially the 1990s saw a very rapid increase in the average, though severe corrections did occur along the way.
The largest one-day percentage drop occurred on Black Monday; October 19, 1987, when the average fell 22.61%. There were no clear reasons given to explain the crash, but program trading appeared to be a major contributing factor. On October 13, 1989, the Dow stumbled into another downfall, the 1989 Mini-Crash which initiated the collapse of the junk bond market as the Dow registered a loss of almost 7%. However, for the rest of the 1980s as a whole, and despite the Early 1980s recession, the Dow made a profound 228% increase from the 838 level to 2,753; despite the market crashes and other political distractions such as the Soviet War in Afghanistan, the Falklands War, the Iran-Iraq War, the Second Sudanese Civil War and the First Intifada in the Middle East.
* The 1990s brought on rapid advances in technology along with the introduction of the dot-com era.
To start off, the markets contended with the 1990 oil price shock compounded with the effects of the Early 1990s recession. Certain influential foreign conflicts such as the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt which took place as part of the initial stages of the Dissolution of the USSR and the Fall of Communism; the First and Second Chechen Wars, the Persian Gulf War and the Yugoslav Wars failed to dampen economic enthusiasm surrounding the ongoing Information Age and the "Irrational Exuberance" (a phrase coined by Alan Greenspan) of the Internet Boom. Even the occurrences of the Rwandan Genocide and the Second Congo War, termed as "Africa's World War" that involved 8 separate African nations which together between the two killed over 5 million people; didn't seem to have any noticeable negative financial impact on the Dow either. Between late 1992 and early 1993, the Dow staggered through the 3,000 level making only modest gains as the Biotechnology sector suffered through the downfall of the Biotech Bubble; as many biotech companies saw their share prices rapidly rise to record levels and then subsequently fall to new all-time lows. The Dow Jones Wilshire 5000 approximates the shape of the rise in the DJIA during the 1990s acceleration. From a trading low of under 4,000 in 1990 to above the 12,000 mark in the year 2000 with intermittent slides throughout the decade. On November 21, 1995, the DJIA closed above the 5,000 level (5,023.55) for the first time. Over the following two years, the Dow would rapidly tower above the 6,000 level during the month of October in 1996, and the 7,000 level in February 1997. On its march higher into record territory, the Dow easily made its way through the 8,000 level in July 1997. However, later in that year during October, the events surrounding the Asian Financial Crisis plunged the Dow into a 554 point loss to a close of 7,161.15; a retrenchment of 7.18% in what became known as the 1997 Mini-Crash. The Dow would go on to surpass the 9,000 level during the month of April in 1998, making its sentimental push towards the symbolic 10,000 level. On March 29, 1999, the average closed above the 10,000 mark (10,006.78) after flirting with it for two weeks. This prompted a celebration on the trading floor, complete with party hats. The scene at the exchange made front page headlines on many U.S. newspapers such as The New York Times. On May 3, 1999, the Dow achieved its first close above the 11,000 mark (11,014.70). Total gains for the decade exceeded 315%; from the 2,753 level to 11,497.
The Dow averaged a 5.3% return compounded annually for the 20th century, a record Warren Buffett called "a wonderful century"; when he calculated that to achieve that return again, the index would need to close at about 2,000,000 by December of 2099.[12]
Even during the height of the dot-com era, authors James K. Glassman and Kevin A. Hassett went so far as to publish a book entitled Dow 36,000. Their theory was to imply that stocks were still cheap and it was not too late to benefit from rising prices during the Internet boom.
* Characterized by fear on the part of newer investors, the uncertainty of the 2000s brought on a significant bear market. There was indecision on whether the cyclical bull market represented a prolonged temporary bounce or a new long-term trend. Ultimately, there was widespread resignation and disappointment as the lows were revisited, and in some cases, surpassed near the end of the decade.
The third largest one-day point drop in DJIA history, and largest at the time, occurred on September 17, 2001, the first day of trading after the September 11, 2001 attacks, when the Dow fell 684.81 points, or 7.1%. It should be noted that the Dow had been in a downward trend for virtually all of 2001 prior to Sept 11, losing well over 1000 points between Jan 2 and Sept. 10, and had lost 187.51 points on Sept. 6, followed by losing 235.4 points on Sept. 7.[13] By the end of that week, the Dow had fallen 1,369.70 points, or 14.3%. However, the Dow began an upward trend shortly after the attacks and quickly regained all lost ground to close above the 10,000 level for the year.
The Dow fell 14.3% from the mid-9,000 level to the low 8,000 level after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Exchanges were closed between September 10 and September 17.
During 2003, the average remained subdued within the 7,000 to 9,000 point level range by the Early 2000s Recession, the Afghan War and the Iraq War. But by December of that year, the Dow remarkably returned to the 10,000 mark. In October of 2006, four years after its bear market low, the DJIA set fresh record theoretical, intra-day, daily close, weekly, and monthly highs for the first time in almost seven years, closing above the 12,000 level for the first time on the 19th anniversary of Black Monday (1987). On February 27, 2007, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 3.3% (415.30 points), its biggest point drop since 2001. The initial drop was caused by a global sell-off after Chinese Stocks experienced a mini-crash, yet by April 25, the Dow passed the 13,000 level in trading and closed above that milestone for the first time. On July 19, 2007, the average passed the 14,000 level, completing the fastest 1,000-point advance for the index since 1999. One week later, a 450 point intra-day loss, owing to turbulence in the U.S. sub-prime mortgage market and the soaring value of the yuan,[14][15] initiated another correction falling below the 13,000 mark, about 10% from its highs. On October 9, 2007, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at the record level of 14,164.53. Two days later on October 11, the Dow would trade at its highest intra-day level ever, at the 14,198.10 mark.[16] In what would normally take many years to accomplish; numerous reasons were cited for the Dow's extremely rapid rise from the 11,000 level in early 2006, to the 14,000 level in late 2007. They included future possible takeovers and mergers, healthy earnings reports particularly in the tech sector, and moderate inflationary numbers; fueling speculation the Federal Reserve would not raise interest rates. Roughly on par with the 2000 record when adjusted for inflation, this represented the final high of the cyclical bull. On September 15, 2008, a wider financial crisis became evident when Lehman Brothers filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy along with the economic effect of record high oil prices which reached almost $150 per barrel two months earlier. The DJIA lost more than 500 points for only the sixth time in history, returning to its mid-July lows below the 11,000 level. A series of "bailout" packages, including the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, proposed and implemented by the Federal Reserve and U.S. Treasury, as well as FDIC-sponsored bank mergers, did not prevent further losses. After two months of extreme volatility during which the Dow experienced its largest one day point loss, largest daily point gain, and largest intra-day range (more than 1,000 points), the index closed at a new six-year low of 7,552.29 on November 20. The market proceeded with a modest rise to close the year near the 9,000 level, still its worst annual performance since the early 1930s. Due to further deterioration in the banking sector, grim economic news, and market doubts as to the effectiveness of further government intervention, the bear market entered another acute phase, as the DJIA reached a closing low of 6,547.05 on March 9, 2009 (after an intra-day low of 6,469.95[17] during the March 6 session), its lowest close since April 1997, and had lost 20% of its value in only six weeks. Towards the latter half of 2009, the average rallied towards the 10,000 level amid optimism that the Late-2000s Recession, the United States Housing Bubble and the Global Financial Crisis of 2008-2009, were easing and possibly coming to an end. For the decade, the Dow saw a rather substantial pullback for a negative return from the 11,497 level to 10,428, a loss of a little over 9%.
* The decade of the 2010s would see a continuation of certain global conflicts such as the War in Afghanistan, the Iraq War, the War in North-West Pakistan, the War in Darfur as well as the Mexican Drug War which at times influences American politics regarding illegal immigration.
On January 4, 2010, the Dow began the new decade at the 10,428 level, attempting to break free from the events surrounding the negative effects of the Global Recession. The Dow initially began to accomplish this goal by rising to 10,725 on January 19. However, during the next few days after President Obama announced plans to limit the complexity and influence of banks, stocks ignored healthy profit reports and fell dramatically. By January 22, the Dow had fallen 552 points or over 5% to have its worst weekly loss since the week before the rally started during early March 2009, by closing at the 10,172.98 level. The Dow continued its losses by falling to the 9,908.39 level on February 8, 2010, after dropping below the 10,000 mark and settling there since November of 2009. The Dow ended the trading session at a three-month trading low. Over the course of February and March 2010, the Dow made a fairly notable rally attempt in the face of growing global concerns such as the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis. Although for the most part just a political event, the Dow closed at the 10,785.89 level on March 22, 2010 following the passage of the landmark Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in Washington. The Dow continued to surge higher, and on April 26, 2010, the Dow closed at 11,205.03, its highest close since September 2008. On May 6, 2010, just after 2:30 pm EST, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged by 998.50 points, an intra-day loss of 9.2%. The event later became known as the 2010 Flash Crash or the "Flash Crash".[18] Although there was an immediate recovery, it was the biggest intra-day fall ever. This would have put the trading day as the fifth-worst market sell-off on a percentage basis as well. The Dow bottomed out at 9,869, and then recovered quickly, eventually ending at 10,520.32, a loss of 347.80 points or 3.2%.[18] It was the worst drop since April 2009,[19] which put the Dow at a two-month low at the time. Electronic trading was blamed as the culprit behind the slide in prices.[20] The Nasdaq and S&P 500 were also down more than 3%. The brief plunge appeared to center around an erroneous trade in Procter & Gamble's stock which slid almost 37%, though shares in companies such as 3M and Accenture also had unusual movements. The former fell nearly 22%, and the latter fell to $0.04 before returning to $41.09.[18] Another irregular movement involved Sotheby's. Opening at $34.61, the shares increased in the day to $100,000 in price, while later closing at $33.[21] More than $1 trillion in market value was wiped off the DJIA.[22] The NYSE, Citigroup, and P&G were said to be investigating the matter with the SEC.[18] Citigroup said that no mistake was made on their part, and that they didn't know the reason for the sudden massive sell-off.[23] The NYSE reported that there were errors which could have caused the drop, and declared that transactions may be voided, and the issuance of new rules on circuit breakers may be a consequence.[18] The NASDAQ said they too would investigate the reasons for the sudden drop,[24] and later confirmed that they would in fact cancel all trades that took place between 2:40 pm and 3:00 pm EST for movement beyond 60%.[18] On May 20, 2010, the Dow officially entered a correction after falling 376 points or 3.6% to have its worst day since March 2009. The Dow ended the day at 10,068, from 10,444 the day earlier. This was the lowest close since February 10 and put the Dow down 10.15% from its close of 11,205 on April 26. The S&P and NASDAQ also entered a correction on May 20, with the S&P falling 43 points or 3.9% to close at 1,071 and the NASDAQ falling 94 points or 4.1% to close at 2,204.
Main article: List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average Main article: Closing Milestones of the Dow Jones Industrial Average [edit] Investing
Investing in the DJIA is made widely accessible through exchange-traded funds (ETFs) as well as in derivatives through option contracts and futures contracts. Within the equities world, asset manager SSgA State Street Global Advisors, issue a family of ETFs the SPDRs; one of which attempts to match the daily performance of the index, the DIAMONDS, introduced in 1998 (NYSE: DIA). Another asset management firm, ProFunds, issue other related DJIA ETFs through ProShares such as the 2x (NYSE: DDM), which attempts to match the daily performance of the DJIA by 200% and the Inverse 2x (NYSE: DXD), which attempts to match the inverse daily performance by 200%. ProFunds also issues Inverse Performance (NYSE: DOG) for a bearish strategy on the average. That is, when the Dow trades in negative territory, the ETF trades higher; thus, making it not needed to sell short if one has a bearish goal in mind. In the case of 2x performance, the ETF increases the buying power by leveraging money without using margin. Of course, short selling and buying as well as shorting on margin, are allowed and not discouraged. In regard to using margin on a 2x performance ETF, that would result in leveraging an investment by 400%. Although it may substantially increase the profit on an investment, it would however also expose an investor to a potential loss risk four times as great and possibly result in a margin call four times as fast. Currently, there are also 3x performance ETFs issued by ProShares that exist too; which attempt to replicate (300% leverage) or (600% leverage by applying margin), against the Dow. For 3x performance, the symbol is (NYSE: UDOW), and for Inverse 3x performance, (NYSE: SDOW).[25][26]
Due to the advent of pre-market trading, it has been commonly known that certain ETFs like the DIAMONDS; provide a very accurate opening value for the average. As an example, if the ETF opens the trading session with a 76¢ loss; then that would strongly indicate roughly a 76-point loss for the Dow within the first few seconds or so, even before all of its components open for trade. Likewise, if the ETF starts the trading session higher by $1.12, then that would signal an approximate gain for the Dow of 112 points at the open, even if some components begin trading at 9:31 am or 9:33 am due to a delay.
In the derivatives market, the CME Group through its subsidiaries the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) and the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), issues Futures Contracts; including the E-mini Dow ($5) Futures (YM), the DJIA ($10) Futures (DJ) and the Big Dow DJIA ($25) Futures (DD) which track the average and trade on their exchange floors respectively. Trading is typically carried out in an Open Outcry auction, or over an electronic network such as CME's Globex platform. The Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) issues Options Contracts on the Dow through the root symbol DJX in combination with long term expiration options called DJX LEAPS. Concerning equities, the exchange issues options contracts on Performance ETFs, Inverse Performance ETFs, 2x Performance ETFs, Inverse 2x Performance ETFs, 3x Performance ETFs, and Inverse 3x Performance ETFs. [edit] Calculation
To calculate the DJIA, the sum of the prices of all 30 stocks is divided by a Divisor, the Dow Divisor. The divisor is adjusted in case of stock splits, spinoffs or similar structural changes, to ensure that such events do not in themselves alter the numerical value of the DJIA. Early on, the initial divisor was composed of the original number of component companies; which made the DJIA at first, a simple arithmetic average. The present divisor, after many adjustments, is less than one (meaning the index is larger than the sum of the prices of the components). That is:
\text{DJIA} = {\sum p \over d}
where p are the prices of the component stocks and d is the Dow Divisor.
Events like stock splits or changes in the list of the companies composing the index alter the sum of the component prices. In these cases, in order to avoid discontinuity in the index, the Dow Divisor is updated so that the quotations right before and after the event coincide:
The Dow Divisor is currently 0.132319125.[27][28] Presently, every $1 change in price in a particular stock within the average, equates to a 7.56 point movement. [edit] Criticism
With the current inclusion of only 30 stocks, critics like Ric Edelman argue that the DJIA is not a very accurate representation of overall market performance; even though it is the most cited and most widely recognized of the stock market indices.[29][30] Additionally, the DJIA is criticized for being a price-weighted average, which gives higher-priced stocks more influence over the average than their lower-priced counterparts, but takes no account of the relative industry size or market capitalization of the components. For example, a $1 increase in a lower-priced stock can be negated by a $1 decrease in a much higher-priced stock, even though the lower-priced stock experienced a larger percentage change. In addition, a $1 move in the smallest component of the DJIA has the same effect as a $1 move in the largest component of the average. As of May 2010, IBM and 3M are among the highest priced stocks in the average and therefore have the greatest influence on it. Alternatively, Pfizer and Alcoa are among the lowest priced stocks in the average and have the least amount of sway in the price movement. Many critics of the DJIA recommend the float-adjusted market-value weighted S&P 500 or the Wilshire 5000, the latter of which includes all U.S. equity securities, as better indicators of the U.S. stock market
7 Facts and information About the Person Who’s Reviewing Your curriculum vitae
When you write your curriculum vitae (with or without advice and professional help), who’s your target audience? Who are you trying to satisfy?
in the Beginning, you are not writing your curriculum vitae to satisfy yourself. For that matter, you are not writing it to satisfy any “expert,” the writer of the curriculum vitae book you just read, the recruiter you are working with, your career guidance counselor, your cousin Fred who’s a human resources manager, or even a professional person curriculum vitae writer.
You are writing your curriculum vitae for a particular kind of reader: a potential employer. And if you’re like most of us, you make some very, very optimistic assumptions about that reader. You’re certain that your reader is eager to find the best person for the job. You’re confident that your reader is going to see the important things in your curriculum vitae, and that his or her eye will be drawn to all of those clever formatting tricks you’ve used (columns, underlining, different fonts, boldfacing, italics, strong verbs, skills, numbers, results, etc.).
But you’d better take off the rose-colored glasses. Your curriculum vitae has a better than 98 percent chance of ending up in the garbage can (real or virtual). To increase the odds that yours won’t end up there, here are seven characteristics you should know about the psychology of the typical curriculum vitae reader.
1. Curriculum vitae readers are some of the smartest and most skeptical readers in the world. They know that at least half of what they read consists of lies, exaggerations, half-truths, and semantic and formatting tricks. They don’t accept anything at face value. Remember, the typical curriculum vitae reader sees literally thousands; they know every trick in the book by now.
2. Most readers are in a bad mood, not a happy mood of eager expectancy. They’ve got 300 curriculum vitaes to read, and nobody is giving them an extra penny to carefully peruse each one. They’re rushed for time, annoyed at having to read yet another curriculum vitae, and hostile rather than sympathetic. Reading your curriculum vitae is a burden that’s keeping their attention from what they consider much, much more important matters.
3. Therefore, the typical curriculum vitae reader is looking for a quick and convincing reason to throw yours out. Some will even discard it if they don’t like the envelope or the way the email looks. Some will read only the curriculum vitae and not the cover letter, or vice versa. And they’re unwilling to open up a zip file. You know how annoying it is to get an email that requires you to open up several files; for the curriculum vitae reader, it’s triply annoying.
4. They are unimpressed by the latest curriculum vitae fad. For a long time, it was (and largely still is) using strong verbs. Since a verb is an action word, we think readers will be impressed by lots of great verbs. They’re not. Another big craze is numbers. Some experts say that you’ve got to have lots of quantitative data in your curriculum vitae, or no one will take you seriously. I see curriculum vitaes now that are nothing but a bewildering array of numbers, and I don’t believe it’s any more impressive to the typical curriculum vitae reader than is a bewildering array of verbs.
5. None will read it in detail; that we all know. All will skim-read it for about twenty seconds or less. They are looking for certain information first, to see if the curriculum vitae is worth reading in more detail. Usually they look for job titles and academic degrees first. Some look first for gaps in employment, some for certain skills, and some for length of employment. Each reader has his or her own top priority to scan for first. And even if she reads it in detail, she’ll give it to five other people who will skim it.
6. Most readers know that their company is in no hurry to hire. Even if they are interested in you, they will take their time responding. They are not interested in calling you back right away, even if they like your curriculum vitae.
7. They are not interested in your personal objectives for your life and your career. They are only interested in how you can help their company solve its problems and achieve its goals—that’s why they hire. But they are totally unaware of your unique strengths and value that you can potentially bring to the organization. That’s because in most curriculum vitaes, the person’s unique strengths and potential value are buried somewhere in the middle of the curriculum vitae and not written for a skimmer/reader.
So, when you write your curriculum vitae (or have anyone else help you write it), keep the above characteristics in mind. You have to give your reader 1) what she’s looking for FIRST, and 2) what you want her to find FIRST. That means that you cannot emphasize everything equally in your curriculum vitae. You have to write it so that she sees her priorities and yours instantly. Make sure to keep that in mind, and you’ll have a much better chance of having your curriculum vitae taken seriously.
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Initial Jobless Claims: U.S. April 24 Week Jobless Claims Revised to 451K from 448K; U.S. Apr 24 Week Continuing Claims fell 59K to 4,594,000; U.S. Jobless Claims fell 7K to 444K in May 1 Week; Compared to Survey of a decrease by 8K.
Nonfarm Productivity (QoQ): U.S. 4Q Non-Farm Productivity Revised to rise 6.3%; U.S. 1Q Non-Farm Productivity rose 3.6%; Compared to Consensus of an increase by 2.6%.
Unit Labor Costs (QoQ): U.S. 4Q Unit Labor Costs Revised to fall 5.6%; U.S. 1Q Unit Labor Costs fell 1.6%; Compared to Consensus of a decrease by 0.7%.
At the NYSE closing bell on the New York Stock Exchange, here is how the major world indices and major U.S. stock indices ended the trading session on the world markets as well as the emerging markets including the stock market closing bell price: DOW (Dow Jones Industrial Average) shed 348.63 points, EOD 10,519.49 NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) shed 246.60, EOD 7,011.28 National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) shed 82.65 points, EOD 2,319.64 S&P 500 (SPX) shed 32.37 points, EOD 1,133.60 BEL 20 (BEL20) shed 45.44 points, EOD 2,400.78 CAC 40 (CAC40) shed 79.92 points, EOD 3,556.11 FTSE100 (UKX100) shed 80.94 points, EOD 5,260.99 NIKKEI 225 (NIK/O) shed 361.71, EOD 10,695.69
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) stock market indicators for the trading session today: Advanced stock prices 170, declined stock prices 3,039, unchanged stock prices 23, stock prices hitting new highs 52 and stock prices hitting new lows 222. NYSE quotes for volatile stocks and market trends, as well as stock quotes, stock prices and stock symbols of Day Trading Stock Picks on the New York Stock Exchange stock market for Day Trading online and active Day Trading for those who are or would like to be Day Trading for a living: FAS shed 3.88, HOD 32.46, LOD 23.68, EOD 28.17; GS shed 5.87, HOD 148.63, LOD 140.65, EOD 142.32; FLS gain 0.21, HOD 113.48, LOD 102.39, EOD 107.39; DTV shed 0.29, HOD 37.64, LOD 34.38, EOD 34.98; PXP shed 1.99, HOD 27.84, LOD 24.07, EOD 25.41; MED gain 2.35, HOD 33.25, LOD 27.66, EOD 32.55; EOG shed 2.80, HOD 105.29, LOD 96.85, EOD 102.37; CME shed 3.28, HOD 329.40, LOD 307.41, EOD 321.39.
National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) stock market indicators for the trading session today: Advanced stock prices 353, declined stock prices 2,439, unchanged stock prices 65, stock prices hitting new highs 61 and stock prices hitting new lows 175. NASDAQ quotes, volatile stocks and market trends, as well as stock quotes, stock prices and stock symbols of Day Trading Stock Picks on the NASDAQ stock market for Day Trading online and active Day Trading for those who are or would like to be Day Trading for a living: FSYS shed 1.26, HOD 30.99, LOD 24.68, EOD 28.33; AAPL shed 9.74, HOD 258.25, LOD 199.25, EOD 246.25; PCLN shed 13.88, HOD 248.21, LOD 204.17, EOD 233.10; FISV gain 0.77, HOD 55.27, LOD 50.00, EOD 51.72; ISRG shed 9.65, HOD 349.66, LOD 314.15, EOD 337.29; WYNN shed 5.02, HOD 86.50, LOD 71.00, EOD 80.55; DNDN shed 5.30, HOD 52.90, LOD 42.45, EOD 47.60.
Market trends on the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) and stock market indicators for the trading session today: Advanced stock prices 84, declined stock prices 431, unchanged stock prices 28, stock prices hitting new highs 10 and stock prices hitting new lows 17.
Chicago Board of Trade Futures Market for the day, at time of this posting: E-mini S&P 500 (ES) Mar 10: EOD 1126.50; Change -37.50 E-mini NASDAQ-100 (NQ) Mar 10: EOD 1,897.75; Change -60.75 E-mini DOW $5 (YM) Mar 10: EOD 10,523; Change -311 E-mini S&P MidCap 400 (MF) Mar 10: EOD 778.50; Change -25.10 Nikkei 225 (Yen) Mar 10: EOD 10,190; Change -470
World Currencies for the Forex Market, for Forex Trading by active Forex Traders, at time of this posting: Euro 0.7922 to U.S. Dollars 1.2600 Japanese Yen 90.1850 to U.S. Dollars 0.0111 British Pound 0.6736 to U.S. Dollars 1.4800 Canadian Dollar 1.0683 to U.S. Dollars 0.9471 Swiss Franc 1.1132 to U.S. Dollars 0.899
COMMODITY MARKETS: Energy Sector - Nymex: Light Crude (June 10) shed $2.86, EOD $77.11 per barrel ($US per barrel) Heating Oil (June 10) shed $0.07, EOD $2.11 a gallon ($US per gallon) Natural Gas (June 10) shed $0.06, EOD $3.93 per million BTU ($US per mmbtu.) Unleaded Gas (June 10) shed $0.06, EOD $2.16 gallon ($US per gallon)
Metals Markets - Comex: Gold (May 10) gain $22.30, EOD $1,196.90 ($US per Troy ounce) Silver (May 10) shed $0.01, EOD $17.49 ($US per Troy ounce) Platinum (May 10) gain $16.90, EOD $1,665.50 ($US per Troy ounce) Copper (May 10) shed $0.03, EOD $3.10 ($US per pound)
Livestock and Meat Markets - Chicago Mercantile Exchange (cents per lb.): Lean Hogs (May 10) shed $0.32, EOD $89.02 Pork Bellies (May 10) gain $0.20, EOD $102.70 Live Cattle (June 10) shed $0.85 EOD $95.85 Feeder Cattle (May 10) shed $0.55, EOD $113.35
Other Commodities - Chicago Board of Trade (cents per bushel): Corn (May 10) shed $0.75, EOD $364.00 Soybeans (May 10) shed $22.75, EOD $945.50
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Saturday, April 17, 2010
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Shashi is a degenerate chap. He left his distinguished Bengali wife for a Jewish lady Christa Giles. Giles did much publicity for Shashi and is still helping him. Shashi has strong backing from the West and we know the reasons
Only time can tell whether he will be a good leader or not, but he is definitely a good ambassador for India. He can, along with the educated youth, change the picture of India that others have in their mind. Its our duty to remove the 'beggar with a bowl and a child' image of India, and showcase an image of educated and potential youth.
Reporting from Washington-- Thousands of conservatives rallied on street corners and at statehouses across the nation Thursday to criticize a tax system they deem out of control and an administration they say has allowed socialism to creep into American life.
In Sacramento, a 12-year-old girl carried a sign estimating her share of the national debt at more than $160,000.
"Socialism is spendy!" declared Emma Ormesen's hand-lettered placard.
On the National Mall in Washington, thousands sang "God Bless America" and cheered calls for tax reform. "We don't need a tax code that drives us crazy!" said former House Republican leader Dick Armey, whose advocacy group FreedomWorks also held an evening rally at the Washington Monument. "Government should mind its own business."
The scores of tax day rallies were organized by the small-government, anti-tax "tea party" movement, marking a year since it captured attention for ardently opposing President Obama's agenda.
Since then the movement has become the most energized -- and unpredictable -- constituency on the right. It has proved its ability to draw crowds. But organizers hoped Thursday's rallies would highlight a shift to new goals: ousting Republican and Democratic officeholders who don't meet the movement's fiscally conservative ideals.
In Sacramento, a "candidates alley" drew a few office seekers, while some activists gathered petition signatures and the local GOP registered voters.
In Washington, organizers collected e-mail addresses and phone numbers -- techniques previously employed by the Obama presidential campaign.
In Atlanta, local politicians in blue blazers stood out as they mined the blue-jeans crowd for votes.
But the largest rallies -- like the anti-Washington movement itself -- were not exactly politician-friendly. Although polls show the activists tend to vote Republican, the movement has distanced itself from the GOP establishment.
"We're tired of the politicians talking down to us and not listening, so this is time for them to listen to us," said Ginny Rapini, an organizer with the Sacramento Tea Party Patriots.
Former Hewlett-Packard Chief Executive Carly Fiorina, who is seeking the Republican U.S. Senate nomination with hopes of unseating California Democrat Barbara Boxer, attended a rally in Pleasanton, Calif.
One of her primary opponents, tea party favorite Chuck DeVore, addressed a crowd in Irvine.
"It's great to show up to a rally under the Southern California sun," DeVore said. "What are you going to do after you leave?"
That's a question plaguing GOP congressional leaders, who did not speak to the crowd at the National Mall rally. Instead, the stage was filled with politicians who embraced the movement early such as Republican Reps. Ron Paul of Texas, Steve King of Iowa, Tom Price of Georgia and Michele Bachmann of Minnesota.
One national tea party group estimated that more than 800 rallies were scheduled for Thursday -- the day income tax returns were due -- while another put the number at more than 1,500.
But the crowds in some cities appeared to have dropped off since last year. The nighttime rally in Washington, expected to be among the largest, drew several thousand. In Atlanta, several hundred gathered in front of the state capitol, down from last year's estimated 7,000.
Robert Babcock, who was at last year's Atlanta rally, returned Thursday. Then, as now, he was unemployed. The 54-year-old machinist said he's been calling all over the country looking for work. His issue was both philosophical and practical: The government, he said, "can make it easier for companies to hire me -- by lowering their taxes."
The call for lower taxes is among the core beliefs of the tea party movement. In an attempt to codify the movement's tenets, national organizers Thursday announced its Contract From America, a 10-point plan modeled on the House Republicans' 1994 Contract With America.
The contract, drafted by online vote, included a call for "a simple and fair single tax rate system," a cap on federal spending growth and a balanced-budget constitutional amendment.
"We're just fed up," said Sue Sequeira, a Realtor who works in Roseville, a Sacramento suburb hit hard by the housing bust. "There seems to be more and more entitlement programs, and they're breaking the backs of working people."
But many of the day's events had a decidedly lighter tone.
In Atlanta, for instance, a ponytailed man worked his way through the crowd selling flags, and joked: "Hey, help the little guy here pay his taxes."
